Pinus banksiana fire. A fire-adapted pine with a northerly distribution in North America, the densest parts of its range in Canada, northern New England, and the upper midwest. Filicetti * , Ryan A. These two species are well adapted to fire; P. It is often found in the wild on poor, dry, sandy, barren plains. In western Alberta and in northeastern British Columbia, it is sympatric with P. Compared to range-core populations within the fire-prone boreal forest, low and variable serotiny in rear-edge populations suggest local adaptation to uncommon and unpredictable wildfire regime. Loves sandy, poor soils and is often seen with Oaks in rather scruffy landscapes. Jack pine is very hardy and well-suited to northern climates. However, it successfully exploits its niche as the northern conifer best able to thrive after wildfires. Matt Jolly a,⇑, John Hintz b, Rodman L. They also occupy opposite extremes of habitat, among pines. Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) seedling sprouting after fire, Minnesota SuperStock offers millions of photos, videos, and stock assets to creatives around the world. In the absence of fire, jack pine is succeeded by longer lived species such as red pine (P. Beyond mere survival, the Jack Pine plays a pivotal role in its ecosystem Keywords Pinus banksiana, jack pine, fire ecology, silviculture Citation Rouse, Cary. mariana is semi-serotinous. The cones of the jack pine (Pinus banksiana) are serotinous, only opening when exposed to intense heat. ) stands in Canada's Northwest Territories. Parsons a, Judith Winterkamp c Aug 1, 2016 · Picea mariana (Mill. This species is native to the Chicago Region according to Swink and Wilhelm’s Plants of the Chicago Region, with updates made according to current research. Beyond mere survival, the Jack Pine plays a pivotal role in its ecosystem Jack Pine, Pinus banksiana Jack Pine, Pinus banksiana. When in doubt, double-check other sources for definitive ID. Under extremely warm weather events, cones may also open. The experimental protocol incorporated the use of controlled fires to achieve desired effects. This image of Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) seedling sprouting after fire, Minnesota by Jim Brandenburg/Minden Pictures is available for licensing today. This has led to regional increases in forest fragmentation contributing to declines in threatened woodland caribou. It may occur as an understory species with eastern white pine (P. , Pteridium aquilium (L. ) Kuhn, and Populus tremuloides Mchx. Unfortunately, the Jack Pinus banksiana, commonly called Jack pine, is a scrubby northern pine that is native throughout much of Canada from the Northwest Territories to Nova Scotia south to the Great Lakes and northern New England. [no description entered]bark catastrophic fires cones crown fires distribution disturbance ecosystem dynamics fire frequency fire management fire regimes forest management genetics ground fires histories landscape ecology pine barrens pine forests Pinus banksiana Pinus contorta Pinus resinosa Pinus rigida Pinus strobus population density population ecology presettlement fires presettlement Jun 24, 2014 · In this paper, we model the post-fire recruitment dynamics of two aerial seedbank species, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana, in response to salvage l… General Description: Pinus banksiana is a scrubby, off-color, awkward tree that is not often planted in the landscape. Jack pine has shown growth on anthracite (coal) spoils and is recommended for oil sands planting in Northeastern Alberta, at a density of 1,111 stems/ha or 687 stems/ha on overburden sites (Carey 1993). General Description A small to medium pine that quickly loses the pyramidal form characteristic of young pine and assumes an open somewhat irregular crown. Nonserotinous cones also exist that release seeds more regularly in response to site conditions. Buy Now! Abstract. A single Jack Jun 29, 2024 · For both seedlings and saplings, the higher likelihoods of occurrence were observed in coastal pine barrens vegetation types. Both possess aerial Supporting: 2, Mentioning: 23 - Fire behavior variables were quantified in eastern Ontario jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb. It may have errors. Different species respond differently to wildland fire. It is hardy to USDA Hardiness Zone ‎2 to 7. Similar species: • Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) • Mugo Pine (Pinus mugo) - a shrub. contorta and forms hybrid swarms with that species. Paul, MN: U. Abstract A phenomenon known as the ‘Spring Dip’ in conifer live foliar moisture content (LFMC) has been documented and monitored for decades. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) is the territorial tree of the Northwest Territories. Photos and information about Minnesota flora - Jack Pine: relatively short evergreen tree, needles ¾ to 2 inches long bundled in spreading pairs, cones often curled towards branch Jack Pine Pinus banksiana Pine family (Pinaceae) Description: This coniferous tree is 30-70' tall at maturity. The cones usually remain closed for many years until opened by heat of fires or exposure after cutting. Flowers: Spring Habitat: Fields and Open Areas; Open areas, alvars, open forests. If you are looking for an all purpose pine for hard to grow areas, choose Jack Pine. Linn c, Rachael C. This coniferous tree can eventually reach heights of up to 50 feet. The Altona Flat Rock in northern New York is a globally rare sandstone pine barrens, at the southern edge of jack pine's range. Trees growing in the open usually have a globoid-ovoid crown with a branching and crooked trunk, while trees growing in dense pine forests usually have a small oblongoid crown on top of a tall straight Keywords Pinus banksiana, jack pine, fire ecology, silviculture Citation Rouse, Cary. Jack Pine is a pioneer after fires and logging, although it is damaged or killed by fires. HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES: Red pine is generally the dominant overstory species where it occurs. Illustration by Adelaide Tyrol Rare is the day when all the resources that a tree needs are available in abundance. banksiana is serotinous and P. Population differentiation of the lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) complex in Alberta: growth, survival, and responses to climate. Home » Compare Plants Jack Pine vs Scots Pine This guide is under construction and has not been published yet. Unlike its taller cousins, the Jack Pine often appears scraggly and irregular in form, with a crooked trunk and twisted branches. Greene d , Osvaldo Valeria a Show more Add to Mendeley In British Columbia, jack pine grows in even-aged, post-fire forests in pure or mixed-species stands. Etymology We examined the relationship between the post-fire regeneration density of Populus tremuloides Michx. Among the pines in its range, red pine occupies a "middle zone" of habitat in terms of fire frequency and severity, between eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) (preferring less severe fire) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) (preferring more frequent fire. ) BSP (black spruce) and Pinus banksiana (Lamb. Jun 18, 2025 · Jack Pine is one of the hardiest and most fire-adapted pine trees found in Michigan. The Jack Pine is fire adapted which means the cones Jun 6, 2017 · This study documents cone opening and natural regeneration of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb. In this article, we will delve into the beauty, significance, and intriguing Jack Pine Pinus banksiana Other common names: Banksian Pine, Gray Pine, Scrub Pine French names: Pin gris Family: Pine Family (Pinaceae) Group: Pines Distinctive features: Tree; Tightly closed cones. Serotinous cones help ensure that a population won’t be wiped out when a massive wildfire comes through. It grows farther north than any other American pine and is the most widely distributed pine species in Canada. This allows the scales to open and its seeds are able to spread. The female cones are 1½–2" long at maturity, broadly lanceoloid in shape, and nearly sessile. Recruitment of Picea mariana, Pinus banksiana, and Populus tremuloides across a burn severity gradient following wildfire in the southern boreal forest of Quebec. Given the importance of natural post-fire establishment of the next generation of crop trees to forest managers for planning purposes Jun 23, 2009 · Fire Effects Information System: Pinus banksiana Swaine jack pine sawfly A native pest, which can cause partial to complete defoliation. Others produce seeds Fire behavior variables were quantified in eastern Ontario jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb. Dec 8, 2021 · As a fire-adapted, pioneer species, lodgepole pine has evolved to live in environments where fire is predictably common. Jack Pine / Pinus banksiana This northern conifer has sharp needles in bundles of two with distinctly curved cones. Controls consisted of litterbags left in undisturbed plots. These cones Sep 1, 2024 · Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana): The Resilient Pioneer of the North Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) is a captivating conifer known for its adaptability and robust growth in the northern regions of North America. Jack pine can be distinguished from the non-native but widespread Scots Pine by the ‘V’ shape formed by the bundled needles – on Scots pine, the two needles are twisted together. strobus) and/or jack pine (P. Oct 6, 2014 · The heat-sensitive cones of a lodgepole pine tree. Wildland fires impact the structure, growth and renewal of many of Canada’s forest and grassland ecosystems. The demography of Picea mariana (black spruce) and Pinus banksiana (jack pine) seedlings was monitored through five censuses over 13 months in four different seed bed types after fire of f In northwestern Quebec, we used eight burnt, non-salvaged stands, four dominated by black spruce (Picea mariana) and four dominated by jack pine (Pinus banksiana), in three different fires to examine the seed abscission schedule of these aerial seedbank species for the first 3 years after fire. Jack pine is fire adapted and becomes a dominate species in areas that are exposed to frequently burned. ) is the most widely distributed. After the fire has passed and the seeds are released, lodgepole pine can quickly repopulate the barren ground. Most pines are found in stressful environments including cold mountains, semi-arid lowlands, or environments with poor soils (Keeley and Zedler, 1998). : Pinus banksiana is a fire-adapted species. It is considered a pioneer plant for its ability to populate a forest . Kropp a, Elliot T. Trees were killed by girdling in May and were burned in late July, 26 months later. resinosa) or white pine, or by more shade-tolerant species such as balsam fir and black spruce (Picea mariana). The above mentioned varieties are referred to in this species summary by their full common names; "lodgepole pine" refers to the species as a whole. banksiana in the US Midwest. fuel load build-up due to fire suppression. These plants produce seeds with a tough coating that can lay dormant, awaiting a fire, for several years. This remarkable tree not only shapes the landscapes it inhabits but also plays an essential role in the ecosystem. latifolia Jack pine has shown growth on anthracite (coal) spoils and is recommended for oil sands planting in Northeastern Alberta, at a density of 1,111 stems/ha or 687 stems/ha on overburden sites (Carey 1993). Cones of northern populations are serotinous, opening only in the extreme heat of a wildfire. Establishment Description of the evolution, biology, distribution, ecology, and uses of Pinus banksiana (jack pine). It is present in early and intermediate stages of secondary succession on fire-disturbed sites. The cones are adapted to fire by having serotinous cones. P. Restoring Tom Thomson's The Jack Pine YouTube Video Pinus banksiana Common names: Jack Pine Introduction 🌱 Jack Pine, scientifically known as Pinus banksiana, is a hardy, evergreen conifer native to Northern North America, especially prevalent in the Great Lakes and Northeastern regions of the USA and Canada. Pinus banksiana colonizes areas where disturbance, such as fire, has exposed the mineral soil. mariana content. Aug 25, 2022 · Seasonal variations in red pine (Pinus resinosa) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) foliar physio-chemistry and their potential influence on stand-scale wildland fire behavior. Although once scorned as a weed tree it is now regarded as an important com mercial species and is currently utilized for a variety of products including pulpwood, rough construction timber, boxes and crates, mine timbers, railway ties, hydro and telephone poles, and posts. ) ecosystems and used to interpret observed fire impacts and effects. This small to medium evergreen quickly loses the typical pyramid shape to form an open and irregular crown. It is a Aug 1, 2016 · Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and red pine (Pinus resinosa) are distributed throughout much of the high latitude and temperate North American forests; collectively they cover parts of eleven US states and eight Canadian provinces. The wood is used for fence posts, railroad ties, pulp, fuel, and boxes. Effects of Fire Severity and Woody Debris on Tree Regeneration for Exploratory Well Pads in Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) Forests Angelo T. Jack pine lives in fire-dependent ecosystems. 1986. ) BSP and their pre-fire basal area density at the spatial scale of 70 m (the width of the stands studied) in four fires in central Saskatchewan and one in Quebec. It is the territorial tree of Canada's North West Territories. Kirtland's warbler is dependent upon Jack Pine; this rare bird (Pinus banksiana Lamb. The major objective of this paper was the utilization of quantifiable parameters of fire behavior in evaluating fire effects in eastern Ontario jack pine ecosystems. St. Fire melts a layer of resin that covers its cones. Dept. banksiana: after Joseph Banks (1743-1820), director of Kew Gardens, England and a botanical collector; he served as naturalist on the Endeavour expedition of Captain James Cook. The northernmost New World pine, it extends beyond 65-degrees northern latitude in Mackenzie and nearly to the limit of trees eastward. , and Picea mariana (Mill. Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) available for sale at Conifer Kingdom. It grows as fire successional in boreal forests, tundra transition, dry flats, and hills, sandy soils; 0-800 meters above sea level. And for jack pine, a far more frugal and less aggressive species than, say, sugar maple, survival depends on gleaning something from nothing – every day. Oct 17, 2025 · Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) is one of Wisconsin’s three native pine trees. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station Jul 25, 2025 · Pinus banksiana, jack pine Research Fire Effects Information System Publications Species Reviews Pinus banksiana, jack pine T T Dec 7, 2023 · Stretching across the vast landscapes of North America, the Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) stands as a testament to the resilience of boreal forests. Great for poor or average soil type. Found in abundance in north-central and northeastern Minnesota; occurs generally in pure stands on poor, sandy soil; usually the first of the pines to spring up and occupy land following fire; hardy and thrives on soil too poor for white or red pine; very shade intolerant. As long as fire occurs within the lifespan of a Nov 12, 2024 · Jack pine Latin name: Pinus banksiana Lamb. Moisture content sampled at varying depths in the forest floor profile was compared with hourly variations in the Fine Fuel Moisture Code and daily CNVC00244 occurs where regional fire cycles are short (<100 years) or intermediate (100-270 years). Many populations are adapted to stand-replacing fires, with the cones remaining closed for many years, until a forest fire kills the mature trees and opens the cones, reseeding the burnt ground. This serotinous conifer relies almost entirely on heat and fire for seed dispersal. earlier spring snowmelt. ) after burning live and dead stands similar to those killed by the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae). Sep 1, 2013 · In northwestern Quebec, we used eight burnt, non-salvaged stands, four dominated by black spruce (Picea mariana) and four dominated by jack pine (Pinus banksiana), in three different fires to examine the seed abscission schedule of these aerial seedbank species for the first 3 years after fire. There are, however, some unique cultivars worthy of use in specialty gardens or landscapes. Oct 1, 2003 · To assess the effects of site type, forest initiation periods and fire regimes on the dynamics of Pinus banksiana (Jack pine), the age structure of 69 populations of the species was analyzed. Jack pine is a native tree known for its adaptability to extreme cold and ability to grow in poor, sandy soils. It’s found in our northern dry forests, sandy plains, and sandy savannas. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) in North America has serotinous cones held in the canopy that can withstand temperatures of up to 360 °C for one minute before igniting; heating to above 140 °C melts the resin that keeps the cones closed and liberates the protected seeds inside after the fire has passed (Figure 9). Photo from the National Park Service. Pairs of live and dead plots were simultaneously burned using three types of fire: surface Other common names: Banksian Pine, Gray Pine, Scrub Pine French names: Pin gris Family: Pine Family (Pinaceae) Group: Pines Distinctive features: Tree; Tightly closed cones. Grows well in full sun in USDA zones 2 to 8. General Technical Report NC-106. were compared in a jack pine ecosystem after clear-cutting, clear-cutting plus prescribed burning, and clear-cutting plus disk trenching scarification. The cones All about Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana). Books: Trees in Canada: 58 Native/Non-native Dec 7, 2023 · Closed cones (serotinous) NPS photo Serotiny Serotiny refers to the ability of some tree species to retain seeds in their crowns for years until a disturbance, such as fire, creates conditions that promote their release. These cones develop in small clusters near the tips of branchlets. S. This resilient tree is recognized for its ability to thrive in poor soil conditions and withstand extreme cold, making it a prominent The objectives of this study were to examine (a) whether the marked gradient in serotiny in Pinus banksiana along its southern range limit is related to differences in fire regimes and (b) at what scale serotiny varies most strongly in P. Forest floor moisture content prior to burning was negatively correlated with weight of forest floor We assessed how well the fuel moisture codes of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System can be used to predict forest floor moisture in burned and in mature, unburned jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb. Fire often required to open cones and allow seed dispersal. Pairs of live and dead plots were simultaneously burned using three types of fire: surface Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) The Jack Pine is the utility conifer. El Niño events. The objectives of this study were to examine (a) whether the marked gradient in serotiny in Pinus banksiana along its southern range limit is Jack Pine is monoecious with both male (pollen-bearing) and female (seed-bearing) cones on the same tree. Aug 1, 2018 · These ‘seismic’ lines have often failed to recover trees decades after their initial disturbance, especially within treed peatland and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) forests. It grows further north in Canada than any other native pine. After a wildland fire, forest regeneration begins with the establishment of pioneer species such as: aspen (Populus spp. Heat from fire enables the serotinous, resin-bonded cones to open, and the seeds germinate on the denuded ground. Over the millennia, plants and trees native to fire-prone regions have evolved a number of adaptations that allow them to persist in these challenging habitats. They are easily distinguished by the color of their bark and foliage, and they Dec 3, 2022 · Cone serotiny is a key adaptive trait in Pinus banksiana (jack pine), which shows phenotypic variation according to the fire regime. Greater time since fire and moister site conditions, such as finer-textured soils and lower slope topopositions, favour increased P. , Pinus banksiana Lamb. The straggly trees have short, tough needles. Many pines are adapted to fire. Nielsen Pinus banksiana is found in Northern North America, from Nova Scotia and Pennsylvania to Northwest Territories and Alberta. Splawinski a , Sylvie Gauthier b , Yves Bergeron c , David F. banksiana). It can be used in windbreaks, although it is susceptible to ice storm damage and may be difficult to find in nurseries. For these three species with mechanisms for in situ reproduction, there were Two ex amples of tree species that possess this trait are jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). Pairs of live and dead plots were simultaneously burned using three types of fire: surface Dec 1, 1990 · Jack pine (Pinus banksiana), also called scrub pine, Banksian pine, or Hudson Bay pine, is a small-to medium-sized coniferous tree of the northern forests of the United States and Canada, where it is an important source of pulpwood, lumber, and round timber (1,10,15,16). These ‘seismic’ lines have often failed to recover trees decades after their initial disturbance, especially within treed peatland and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) forests. It has also been marketed for Christmas trees, but is not very We examined the relationship between the post-fire regeneration density of Populus tremuloides Michx. Information on Pinus contorta or Lodgepole Pine including description, biology, taxonomy, and uses. Some plants have subterranean rhizomes that rapidly regenerate the aboveground portion of the plant after it burns in a fire. ) are among the most important, ecologically diverse, and most widely distributed gymnosperms (McCune, 1988; Richardson and Rundel, 1998). Facts Jack pine is a cold-tolerant species primarily of northern New England, usually found growing on poor soils. How to care, characteristics, light, water, soil & fertilizer tips Seasonal variations in red pine (Pinus resinosa) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) foliar physio-chemistry and their potential influence on stand-scale wildland fire behavior W. Often damaged or destroyed by fires, the heat from a fire will open the cones, releasing seeds that will germinate. However, the effects of differences among fire regimes on the spatial pattern of genetic variability within a tree species have received less attention. Wildfires are an integral component of their ecology (Ahlgren and Ahlgren, 1960). Pines (Pinus spp. Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine and jack pine (P. A series of seven fires, ranging in frontal fire intensity from 70 to 17 000 W/m, were documented. A number of other pine species have cones that dehisce (split open) after fire or under the effects of fire, a trait known as serotiny. In youth, it’s habit is open and straggly; once mature, it becomes more upright with irregularly spreading branches and grayish-brown scaly bark. boreal forest Canada carbon dioxide decay diameter classes disturbance eastern Canada ecosystem dynamics ecosystem dynamics experimental fire fire dependent species fire frequency fire intensity jack pine K - potassium litter magnesium mineral soil mortality N - nitrogen nutrient cycling Ontario organic matter overstory pine forests Pinus Pinus banksiana plant growth post-fire recovery The most northerly North American pine species and the most widely distributed pine in Canada. After shedding their pollen, they soon wither away. For these three species with mechanisms for in situ reproduction, there were All you need to know about Pinus Banksiana also known as the Jack Pine. ) Discussion Pinus banksiana reaches its largest size and best form in Canada. Red pine is found in pure, mixed-conifer, mixed-conifer/hardwood, and hardwood stands. Jack Jack pine invades areas where mineral soil has been exposed by major disturbance such as fire. Despite a long-standing tradition of measuring LFMC during the dip period, the drivers of these variations Feb 23, 2004 · Fire disturbance effects on tree species distribution and landscape pattern have been widely studied. Fire effects in northeastern forests: jack pine. This period also corresponds with intense crownfire activity in areas dominated by Pinus resinosa (Red pine) or Pinus banksiana (Jack pine). Conrad a, Russell A. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) displays this diverse and adaptive genetic Jun 6, 2017 · This study documents cone opening and natural regeneration of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb. French name: Pin gris Synonym (s): Banksian pine gray pine , scrub pine Taxonomic Serial Number: 183319 Sep 20, 2023 · Pinus banksiana (jack pine) is a serotinous species dependent on fire disturbance to open cones, release seed, reduce understory competition, and expose mineral soil. LaPointe and Scott E. The wood is primarily used for pulp and occasionally for making pallets and other objects. ) white birch (Betula papyrifera) jack pine (Pinus banksiana) lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. Fires that occur in these areas can vary from low intensity surface fire to high Overall, Pinus banksiana, the Jack Pine, is a rugged and fire-adapted tree species that thrives in challenging environmental conditions. Nov 24, 2000 · Mass losses of litter bags containing leaf litter of Pinus banksiana Lamb. Mass losses were significantly The effect of disturbance type (lethal or nonlethal fire), time-since-fire and different fire regimes on the serotiny of jack pine (Pinus banksiana), was evaluated in populations from two adjacent landscapes in the southern part of the Canadian boreal forest. Flowers: Spring Aug 1, 2016 · A landscape-level tool for assessing natural regeneration density of Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana following fire and salvage logging Tadeusz B. changes in natural fire regimes. The natural distribution of pines is restricted almost Jun 5, 2024 · Pinus banksiana Three pines are native to North-Central Minnesota, The Red (Norway) Pine, the Eastern White Pine, and the Jack Pine. These two species of pine are quite similar to each other because of their small needles and often similar growth habit. Time since fire as well as site conditions influence the relative dominance of Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana in each stand. , Quercus rubra L. ) (jack pine) are two common conifer tree species in the boreal forest of North America (Charron and Greene, 2002, de Groot et al. This is an example of increased spring and summer temperatures. Its ecological role, resilience to fire, and unique growth habits make it an important component of North American forests and an interesting species to study and appreciate in natural settings. Other common names: Banksian Pine, Gray Pine, Scrub Pine French names: Pin gris Family: Pine Family (Pinaceae) Group: Pines Distinctive features: Tree; Tightly closed cones. banksiana regeneration is occurring in the Grand Sable Dunes in the absence of fire, with seedlings establishing and saplings being recruited in a variety of vegetation types. These coniferous trees, characterized by their distinct, twisted cones and hardy nature, have carved a niche in the often harsh and fire-scarred terrains they call home. These pines are sometimes confused because their ranges overlap, but they are quite dissimilar and easy to tell apart. Jack Pine is somewhat less desirable than the other two, both commercially and aesthetically. The seedlings thrive best on disturbed soils. Includes interactive native range maps, plant photos, plant description, cultivation tips, and more. , 2004), and also the significant target species of the forest industry. The male cones are about ½" long and cylindrical in shape. The growth and development of individual trees will depend on their situation. Whether it is the intense heat of the fire, exposure to chemicals from smoke or exposure to nutrients in the ground after fire, these seeds depend on fire to break their dormancy. Home » Compare Plants Eastern White Pine vs Jack Pine This guide is under construction and has not been published yet. Its shabby appearance does not make Jack Pine an ornamental or specimen choice. banksiana) are morphologically similar and hybridize where their ranges overlap in western Canada [116, 199]. Throughout most of its habitats, red pine can be both an early- and late-seral species and Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) is a very hardy pine with little ornamental value but valued for use in the paper-making industry and as lumber. It also grows on stabilized sand dunes (Carey 1993). 1zdrnsk vlqit wkdhbhxq dygp o55 0udnv19a jyn zs2z hta06 t1so2py